Fingerprint establishment of Scutellaria barbata standard decoction and chemical pattern recognition of anti- oxidant components / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To determi ne the contents of total fla vonoids i n Scutellaria barbata standard decoction ，evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity ，establish the fingerprint and conduct chemical pattern recognition analysis. METHODS The contents of total flavonoids in S. barbata standard decoction （calculated by scutellarein ）were determined by ultraviet-visible spectrophotometry. In vitro antioxidant activity of S. barbata standard decoction was investigated by free radical scavenging tests of 1，1-diphenyl- 2-trinitrophenylhydrazine（DPPH）and 2，2′-azino-bis（3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ）ammonium salt （ABTS）；HPLC method was adopted. Using scutellarin as reference ，the fingerprints of 16 batches of S. barbata standard decoction were drawn and evaluated by Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Chromatogram Fingerprint （2004 A edition ），and the common peaks were determined；Pearson correlation analysis was carried out by using SPSS 24.0 software to screen substances with in vitro antioxidant activity. Taking them as variables ，cluster analysis and principal component analysis were carried out by using SPSS 24.0 and SIMCA 14.1 software. RESULTS The linear range of total flavonoids were 2.106-21.06 μg/mL（R2＝0.999 3）；RSDs of precision ， reproducibility and stability tests （120 min）were all lower than 2％；the recovery was 100.62％（RSD＝0.55％，n＝6）；the contents of total flavonoids were 0.634-1.053 mg/mL. Median inhibitory concentration （IC50） of DPPH radical scavenging experiment ranged 1.120-3.602 mg/mL，and IC 50 of ABTS radical scavenging e xperiment range d 0.684-1.327 mg/mL. The results of correlation analysis showed that the content of total flavonoids Δ 基金项目 ：河北省高校省级重点学科建设项目 （No.冀教 in S. barbata standard decoction was negatively correlated 高〔2013〕4号）；承德医学院自然科学研究计划项目（No.201824） ＊讲师，硕士。研究方向：中药质量控制 。电话：0314-2291186。 with the IC 50 of DPPH free radical and ABTS free radical E-mail：duyilongww@sina.com scavenging experiment ，and the correlation coefficients were # 通信作者 ：教授，硕士。研究方向 ：中药质量控制 。电话： －0.976 and －0.940 respectively（P＜0.01）. There were 18 0314-2291186。E-mail：phf2301@163.com common peaks in the fin gerprints of 16 batches of S. barbata 中国药房 2022年第33卷第4期 China Pharmacy 2022Vol. 33 No. 4 ·425· standard decoction ；the s imilarities were 0.964-0.997. A total of 4 common peaks were identified ，such as scutellarin （peak 8）， scutellarein（peak 14），luteolin（peak 15），apigenin（peak 17）.In the HPLC fingerprints of S. barbata standard decoction ，the peak areas of peak 3-4，8-9，12-15 and 17 were significantly negatively correlated with the IC 50 of DPPH free radical and ABTS free radical scavenging experiment （P＜0.05）. The results of cluster analysis showed that 16 batches of S. barbata standard decoction could be clustered into two categories ，of which S 2，S7-S8 and S 14-S16 were clustered into one category ，S1，S3-S6 and S 9-S13 were clustered into one category. By principal component analysis ，16 batches of S. barbata standard decoction were divided into two categories ，of which S 2，S4，S7 and S 14-S16 were clustered into one category ，and S 1，S3，S5-S6 and S 8-S13 were clustered into one. The comprehensive scores were high in the samples of S 4，S13，S15. CONCLUSIONS Established HPLC fingerprint and chemical pattern recognition analysis method can be used to evaluate the quality of S. barbata standard decoction ； peak 3-4，8-9，12-15 and 17 and total flavonoids are the potential material basis for S. barbata standard decoction to scavenge DPPH free radical and ABTS free radical.

Preparation of glabridin ethosomes and their bioactivity evaluation / 中草药

Objective: To compare the effects of softeners including ethanol, propylene glycol and mixed alcohol (ethanol-propylene glycol 2:8) on the preparation of glabridin ethosomes (GLA-ES), and provide the selection basis of the softeners for studying the ethosomes of insoluble drugs. Methods: GLA-ES were prepared by injection-ultrasonic binding method with ethanol, propylene glycol and mixed alcohol (ethanol-propylene glycol, 2:8) as softeners. The morphology, size, Zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, stability, and in vitro drug release of GLA-ES were investigated. Tyrosinase activity on melanoma B16-OVA cells were detected to evaluate the inhibition of GLA-ES on the synthesis of melanin, the experiment of potassium ferricyanide reducing power was performed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of GLA-ES, and human epidermal HaCaT cells and rat skin were used for preliminary safety evaluation. Results: GLA-ES were yellow translucent liquid, containing vesicular phospholipid bilayer structure, the average particle size of GLA-Et-ES, GLA-PG-ES and GLA-MA-ES were (34.24 ± 0.29), (62.31 ± 1.66) and (41.20 ± 1.13) nm, respectively; The Zeta potential were (-41.0 ± 1.8), (-32.9 ± 0.2) and (-35.8 ± 1.6) mV, the entrapment efficiency were (91.47 ± 2.39)%, (87.33 ± 1.31)% and (91.39 ± 3.59)%, respectively, which had good stability of storage at 4 ℃ for 20 d, in vitro drug release behaviors of GLA-ES fitted Higuchi equation, implying their sustained release properties. Compared with the glabridin suspension, the inhibitory effects of GLA-Et-ES, GLA-PG-ES and GLA-MA-ES on tyrosinase activity in melanoma B16-OVA cells were increased by 38.07%, 19.58% and 40.42%, respectively. The results of potassium ferricyanide reducing power also showed that GLA-ES had a stronger in vitro antioxidant effect than the glabridin suspension; GLA-ES were nearly nontoxic on normal cells and had no irritation to rat skin. Conclusion: GLA-ES can be obtained by hree kinds of softeners, which can inhibit the synthesis of melanin and enhance the antioxidant effect with good safety. The present research will provide the basis for further developing skin-whitening cosmetics or pharmaceutical external preparation. For the insoluble drugs such as glabridin, when mixed alcohol (ethanol-propylene glycol) was selected as the softener to prepare ethosome, it exhibited better encapsulation efficiency and stability than that of ethanol or propylene glycol as the softener alone.

Phenolic compounds profile, neuroprotective effect and antioxidant potential of a commercial Turkish coffee / Perfil do componente fenólico, efeito neuroprotector e potencial antioxidante de um café comercial turco

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study is to determine the phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities and neuroprotective effects of powdered coffee sample of a commercial coffee brand originated from Sivas, Turkey. Methods Total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant contents, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidative activities based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity, metal chelating potential, reducing power, superoxide dismutase and catalase activity tests and lipid peroxidation inhibition potentials of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the coffee sample were assayed using the commonly preferred spectrophotometric methods. Furthermore the extracts' cholinesterase and tyrosinase inhibition potentials were evaluated. Phenolic profiles of the coffee sample were investigated using high performance liquid chromatography. Results Catechin was the most frequently detected phenolic acid. In addition, it was demonstrated that the water extract has a significant impact when compared with standard antioxidants. While the SC50 (sufficient concentration to obtain 50% of a maximum scavenging capacity) value for the scavenging activity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical was calculated as being 0.08mg/mL for water extract, the amount of chelating agents with half Fe2+ ions in the medium was found to be 0.271mg/mL. Additionally, it was shown that 0.1mg/mL concentration of both extracts prevents lipid peroxidation by 8%. Compared with standard drugs, inhibition potentials of cholinesterase and tyrosinase enzymes were considered as moderately acceptable in these samples. Conclusion Besides the extracts' enzymatic antioxidant activity, their inhibition potential on cholinesterase and tyrosinase enzymes - which are important clinical enzymes - reveal that this natural source can be used as a valuable resource in different fields, especially in medicine.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo é determinar o conteúdo fenólico e flavonoide, bem como as atividades antioxidantes e os efeitos neuroprotetores de uma amostra de café em pó de uma promissora marca comercial proveniente de Sivas, Turquia. Métodos A partir dos métodos espectrofotométricos comumente utilizados, foram analisados os seguintes aspectos da amostra de café: teores de fenólicos totais, flavonoides e antioxidantes; atividades antioxidantes enzimáticas e não enzimáticas, baseadas na atividade de eliminação de radicais livres de 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazila potencial quelante de metais; poder redutor; testes de atividade de superóxido dismutase e catalase; e potenciais de inibição da peroxidação lipídica dos extratos etanólicos e aquosos. Além disso, foram avaliados os potenciais de inibição da colinesterase e da tirosinase dos extratos. Os perfis fenólicos da amostra de café foram investigados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. Resultados Entre os ácidos fenólicos estudados, o mais detectado foi a catequina. Especialmente, foi demonstrado que o extrato de água tem um impacto significativo quando comparado com os antioxidantes padrão. Determinou--se que o valor de SC50 (a concentração suficiente para obter 50% da capacidade máxima de eliminação) da atividade de eliminação do radical 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilab/para extrato de água era de 0,08mg/mL, enquanto a quantidade de agentes quelantes com metade de Fe2+ íons na média foi encontrada como 0,271mg/mL. Também foi demonstrado que a concentração de 0,1mg/mL de ambos os extratos inibe a peroxidação lipídica em cerca de 8%. Comparado com drogas padrão, os potenciais de inibição das amostras nas enzimas e tirosinase foram aceitáveis como moderados. Conclusão Os resultados mostram que, além de terem atividade antioxidante enzimática, os extratos apresentam potencial de inibição das enzimas colinesterase e tirosinase, que são importantes enzimas clínicas, o que revela que essa fonte natural pode ser usada como um recurso valioso em vários campos, principalmente na medicina.

Antioxidant effect and chemical composition of Ananas comosus [L.] Merr. peels from Peruvian northern / Efecto antioxidante y composición química de las cascaras de Ananas comosus [L.] Merr. del norte peruano

Pineapple peels has several beneficial properties including antioxidant activity. We investigated the antioxidant effect of five different peels of pineapple lyophilized extracts, not adsorbed and adsorbed onto Amberlite. They were examined using total phenolic contents (TPC), antioxidant effect by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). In addition, we analyzed the chemical composition by HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. The main constituents of pineapple peels were tentatively identified as quercetin glycosides and N,N'-diferuloylspermidine. We conclude that the antioxidant activity in pineapple peels from District of Poroto, Province of Trujillo, Region of La Libertad, can be associated with the presence of flavonoid and spermidines.

Las cáscaras de piña tienen varias propiedades beneficiosas, incluida la actividad antioxidante. Investigamos el efecto antioxidante de cinco exfoliaciones diferentes de extracto liofilizado de piña, no adsorbidas y adsorbidas en Amberlita. Se examinaron utilizando los contenidos fenólicos totales (TPC), el efecto antioxidante mediante la eliminación del radical 1,1-difenil-2-picril-hidrazilo (DPPH) y el poder férrico antioxidante reductor (FRAP). Además, analizamos la composición química por HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS. Los principales constituyentes de las cáscaras de piña se identificaron tentativamente como glucósidos de quercetina y N,N'- diferuloylspermidina. Concluimos que la actividad antioxidante en las cáscaras de piña del Distrito de Poroto, Provincia de Trujillo, Región de La Libertad, puede estar asociada con la presencia de flavonoides y espermidinas.

Effect of quercetin on histamine induced gastric ulcers in male guinea pigs

Background: Peptic ulcer disease is the most prevalent gastrointestinal diseases caused by an imbalance between gastric stimulant or aggressive factors and the mucosal defensive factors. The defence of flavonoids against the tissue oxidative stress is being proved in various animal models for wide pharmacological effects. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the anti-oxidant effect of quercetin in histamine induced gastric ulcers.Methods: Male guinea pigs were divided into 4 groups (n=6). Group I includes normal control. Group 2, 3 and 4 were induced gastric ulcers with histamine as intraperitoneal (IP) injection. Group 2 serves as the gastric ulcer control. Group 3 and Group 4 are pre-treated with quercetin 200 mg/kg per orally (PO) and ranitidine 100 mg/kg PO respectively 45mins before histamine injection. After 4 hours of histamine injection, the animals were sacrificed to collect blood samples and stomach tissue for estimation of plasma and tissue antioxidant levels.Results: On estimation of antioxidant levels both in plasma and stomach tissues the SOD and CAT levels increased in the Group 3 and 4 significantly and also a significant reduction in MDA levels were noted in the Group 3 and 4 compared to the gastric ulcer control group.Conclusions: Hence, with flavonoids quercetin utilization in histamine induced gastric ulcers, the antioxidants showed comparative levels with ranitidine treatment groups. So a permanent cure for the chronic gastric ulcers could be proved in further studies as this is the milestone, tough to achieve in general clinical practice.

Two New Caffeoyl Threonate Esters from the Leaves of Toxicodendron vernicifluum

Toxicodendron vernicifluum, also called as Rhus verniciflua is a deciduous tree belonging to Anacardiaceae family. Two new caffeoyl threonate esters, rhuseols A (1) and B (2), together with 5-O-(E)-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (3) were isolated from the leaves of T. vernicifluum. The structures of isolated compounds were established by using 1D and 2D NMR in combination with HR-ESI-MS. Compounds 1 – 3 showed DPPH radical scavenging effects with IC₅₀ values of 47.9, 107.8 and 15.4 µM, respectively. Taken together, these compounds might contribute to the antioxidant properties of the leaves of T. vernicifluum, which will be useful for various oxidative stress mediated diseases.

Chemical composition of Mentha suaveolens and Pinus halepensis essential oils and their antibacterial and antioxidant activities

Objective: To determin the chemical compounds of Mentha suaveolens (M. suaveolens) and Pinus halepensis (P. halepensis) essential oils (Eos) and evaluate their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methods: The chemical composition of P. halepensis and M. suaveolens EOs was determined by GC-MS analysis. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The antibacterial effect was tested against 6 bacterial strains using the well diffusion method and micro-dilution assay. Results: The major components of P. halepensis EOs were β-caryophyllene (28.04%), myrcene (23.81%) and α-pinene (12.02%). However, piperitenone oxid (56.28%), piperitenone (11.64%) and pulegone (6.16%) were the major components of M. suaveolens EOs. M. suaveolens EOs showed remarkable antioxidant activities compared with P. halepensis EOs, showing antioxidant capacity values of IC50=(64.76±2.24) μg/mL, IC50=(82.73±3.34) μg/mL, and IC50=(93.35±4.45) μg/mL, revealed by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays, respectively. However, P. halepensis EOs showed interesting antibacterial effects against all bacterial strains. The most sensible strains to P. halepensis EOs were Staphylococcus aureus [(34.00±0.50) mm], Listeria monocytogenes [(31.00±1.50)] mm and Proteus mirabilis [(29.00±2.25)mm]. Furthermore, the lowest minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were revealed by P. halepensis EOs against Staphylococcus aureus [MIC=MBC=0.125% (v/v)] and Listeria monocytogenes [MIC=MBC=0.25% (v/v)]. Conclusions: P. halepensis and M. suaveolens EOs contain bioactive compounds that could have potential applications against bacterial infections and oxidative stress related diseases as well as for food conservation. However, further investigations are necessary to isolate and investigate the action mechanisms of these bioactive compounds.

Chemical composition of Mentha suaveolens and Pinus halepensis essential oils and their antibacterial and antioxidant activities

Objective: To determin the chemical compounds of Mentha suaveolens (M. suaveolens) and Pinus halepensis (P. halepensis) essential oils (Eos) and evaluate their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methods: The chemical composition of P. halepensis and M. suaveolens EOs was determined by GC-MS analysis. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The antibacterial effect was tested against 6 bacterial strains using the well diffusion method and micro-dilution assay. Results: The major components of P. halepensis EOs were β-caryophyllene (28.04%), myrcene (23.81%) and α-pinene (12.02%). However, piperitenone oxid (56.28%), piperitenone (11.64%) and pulegone (6.16%) were the major components of M. suaveolens EOs. M. suaveolens EOs showed remarkable antioxidant activities compared with P. halepensis EOs, showing antioxidant capacity values of IC

The effects of green tea (Camellia sinensis) flower extracton melanin synthesis in B16-F10 melanoma cells / 대한수의학회지

The present study observed the effects of a green tea (Camellia sinensis) flower extract (GTFE) on melanin synthesis in B16-F10 melanoma cells. GTFE exhibited antioxidant activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, GTFE significantly diminished α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) stimulated cellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity throughout the concentration range evaluated. Based on RNA sequencing analysis, differential gene expression patterns observed in α-MSH stimulated B16-F10 melanoma cells were normalized by the addition of GTFE. In particular, the expression levels of melanoregulin and tyrosinase genes which are key regulating genes in melanin synthesis were up-regulated by 3.5 and 3 fold respectively by α-MSH, and were normalized to control levels by the addition of GTFE. The results suggest that GTFE inhibits melanin synthesis in α-MSH stimulated B16-F10 melanoma cells by normalizing expression of genes that are essential for melanin synthesis. Overall, the results suggest that GTFE could be applied in the development of a whitening agent for the treatment of dermal hyperpigmentation.

Effects of Panax Notoginsenosides on Proliferation and Oxidation Indices of Cisplatin-induced Nephroxicity in HK-2 Cells / 中国药师

Objective:To study the effects of panax notoginsenosides on the proliferation and oxidation indices of cisplatin-induced nephroxicity in HK-2 cells. Methods:HK-2 cells were cultured in vitro till the number was up to 1 × 106/ml. The cells were inoculated in 96-well culture plate and randomly divided into six groups:normal saline ( NS) group,the model group, the positive control group and the high dose group , medium dose group and low dose group of panax notoginsenosides ( PNS) . The nephroxicity model was dupli-cated with the addition of cisplatin (the final concentration was 6. 25μg·L-1). The model group, positive control group and the three panax notoginsenosides groups was treated with saline solutions, amifostine, panax notoginsenosides at the dose of 100,50 and 25 mg· L-1 , respectively. The cell viability was detected with an MTT method, the content of MDA and the activity of SOD, GSH-PX and LDH were measured and the cell structure was observed. DCFH-DA was used as the fluorescence probe to detect the level of ROS by a fluorescence microplate reader. Results:Compared with those in the model group, the cell viability and the activity of SOD and GSH-PX in the three PNS groups and the positive control group significantly increased (P<0. 05);the content of MDA, the level of ROS and the activity of LDH significantly decreased (P<0. 05); the cell structure was significantly improved. Conclusion: PNS can pro-mote the proliferation of HK-2 cells in vitro, and improve the biochemical parameters and enzyme levels. The results suggest that PNS has a protective effect on HK-2 cell,and the protective mechanisms may be related with its antioxidant effect.

Comparison of lymphocyte DNA damage levels and total antioxidant capacity in Korean and American diet

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: This study aims to measure the in vitro antioxidant capacity of Korean diet (KD) with American diet (AD) as a control group and to examine the ex vivo DNA damage reduction effect on human lymphocytes. MATERIALS/METHODS: The KD applied in this study is the standard one-week meals for Koreans (2,000 kcal/day) suggested by 2010 Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. The AD, which is the control group, is a one-week menu (2,000 kcal/day) that consists of foods that Americans would commonly take in according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The antioxidant capacity of each menu was measured by means of the total phenolic assay and 3 in vitro antioxidant activity assays (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORACROO·)), while the extent of ex vivo lymphocyte DNA damage was measured by means of the comet assay. RESULTS: When measured by means of TEAC assay, the in vitro antioxidant capacity of the KD of the day was higher than that of the AD (P < 0.05) while there was no significant difference in total phenolic contents and DPPH and ORAC assays. The ex vivo lymphocyte DNA damage protective effect of the KD was significantly higher than that of the AD (P < 0.01). As for the one-week menu combining the menus for 7 days, the total phenolic assay (P < 0.05) and in vitro antioxidant capacity (P < 0.001, DPPH; P < 0.01, TEAC) of the KD menu were significantly higher than those of the AD menu. Likewise, the ex vivo DNA damage reduction rate of the Korean seven-day menu was significantly higher than that of the American menu (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the high antioxidant capacity and DNA damage protective effect of KD, which consists generally of various plant foods, are higher than those of typical AD.

Caracteristicas fitoqu¡micas y capacidad antioxidante in vitro de Aloe vera, Plukenetia volubilis, Caiophora carduifolia, Cecropia membranácea / In vitro phytochemical characteristics and antioxidant capacity of Aloe vera, Plukenetia volubilis, Caiophora carduifolia, Cecropia membranacea

Introducción: Los antioxidantes han demostrado potencial quimioprotector en patolog¡as degenerativas, inflamatorias, autoinmunes, oncológicas y asociadas al distr‚s respiratorio. Objetivo: Evaluar las caracter¡sticas fitoqu¡micas y capacidad antioxidante in vitro mediante el m‚todo DPPH y ABTS. Diseño: Observacional anal¡tico. Lugar: Laboratorio de Farmacolog¡a Experimental, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico/qu¡mico: Hojas de Aloe vera, semillas de Plukenetia volubilis, hojas-tallos de Caiophora carduifolia, hojas de Cecropia membranacea. Intervenciones: Observación y an lisis de la capacidad antioxidante mediante el m‚todo DPPH-concentración efectiva media (CE50) de los extractos y la capacidad antioxidante equivalente a trolox por el m‚todo del ABTS. Medida de resultados: Marcha fitoqu¡mica preliminar, porcentaje de inhibición antioxidante por captación del radical DPPH, determinación del equivalente trolox/g extracto. Resultados: La Cecropia membranacea presenté mayor número de metabolitos secundarios, alcaloides, saponinas, compuestos flavonoides; en la captación de radicales DPPH, requirió menor dosis para alcanzar la capacidad antioxidante (CE50=0,159 mg/mL); mediante el m‚todo ABTS (5,834 uM trolox/g). La Caiophora carduifolia (0,87 mg/mL – 0,44 mg/mL) tuvo efectos similares al trolox (p>0,05). El Aloe vera y Plukenetia volubilis tambi‚n tuvieron capacidad antioxidante dependiente de la dosis. Conclusiones: Se ha demostrado capacidad antioxidante in vitro a concentración dependiente, siendo mayor la de Cecropia membranacea y Caiophora carduifolia y menor la de Aloe vera y Plukenetia volubilis.

Introduction: Antioxidants have shown chemopreventive potential in degenerative, inflammatory, autoimmune, oncology and respiratory distress associated pathologies. Objective: To assess the phytochemical and antioxidant properties in vitro by DPPH and ABTS method. Design: Observational analytical. Location: Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru. Biological/Chemical Material: Aloe vera leaves, Plukenetia volubilis seeds, Caiophora carduifolia leaves-stalks, Cecropia membranacea leaves. Interventions: Observation and analysis of the antioxidant capacity by DPPH-method mean effective concentration (EC50) of the extracts and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity by the ABTS method. Main outcome measures: Phytochemical preliminary march, antioxidant percent uptake inhibition by DPPH radical, determination of equivalent trolox/g extract. Results: Cecropia membranacea presented more secondary metabolites, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoid compounds; required smaller dosage to achieve the antioxidant effect (EC50 = 0.159 mg/mL) in attracting DPPH radical; achieved the best antioxidant effect by ABTS method (5.834 uM trolox/g). Caiophora carduifolia (0.87 mg/mL – 0.44 mg/mL) had trolox similar effects (p>0.05). Aloe vera and Plukenetia volubilis also had antioxidant dose dependent effect. Conclusions: Concentration dependent in vitro antioxidant effect has been shown, higher with Cecropia membranacea and Caiophora carduifolia and lower with Aloe vera and Plukenetia volubilis.

Study of protective effect of EGCG on immunological liver injury and relevant mechanism / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To investigate the protective effect of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on triptolide (TP)-induced immunological liver injuries, and explore the relevant mechanisms of action. Methods: A total of 40 female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into four groups:control group,EGCG group,TP group and TP+EGCG group. The ALT levels in serum was examined by Reitman Frankel method. The activity of hepatic MDA,SOD and GSH was examined by spectrophotometry. HE staining was used to observed the changes of the hepatic histopathology. The hepatic IL-17,IL-6 levels was examined by ELISA and the expression of hepatic TLR4 protein was examined by Western blot. Results:The results showed that serum alanine aminotransaminase ( ALT) levels of TP group were obviously elevated (P0. 05). Meanwhile,EGCG could ameliorate hepatic pathological damage. Furthermore,in TP group,the activity of malondialdehyde ( MDA) ,the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein and the contentration of hepatic interleukin (IL)-17,IL-6 were higher than normal control group ( P<0. 005 ) . On the contrary, the activity of superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) and restored glutathione ( GSH ) were significantly lower than normal control group ( SOD, P<0. 05;GSH, P<0. 005 ) . In EGCG treatment group, the expression of TLR4 protein and the concentration of MDA,hepatic IL-17 and IL-6 were lower than TP group ( TLR4,P<0. 05;MDA,P<0. 005;IL-17,P<0. 005;IL-6,P<0. 005). On the contrary,SOD and GSH were significantly higher than TP group (SOD,P<0. 05;GSH,P<0. 005). Conclusion:This study suggests that EGCG possesses hepatoprotective effect against TP-induced immunological liver injury through its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant actions.

Studies on the relation between bilirubin and chronic diabetic complications / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

[Summary] Cardiovascular disease ,diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy are common complications of diabetes ,and are the significant reason of cardiovascular mortality ,end-stage renal disease ,and blindness in adults patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. At present, the researche on the pathogenesis of diabetic complications mainly focus on oxidative stress and chronic inflammation. In addition, a large number of studies have pointed out that bilirubin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, bilirubin and diabetic complications are closely linked.

The influence of obesity on the effects of spirulina supplementation in the human metabolic response of Korean elderly

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Spirulina, a blue-green alga, is widely produced and commercialized as a dietary supplement with bio- and immune-modulatory functions. We have previously shown that spirulina had favorable effects on lipid profiles, immune functions, and antioxidant capacity in healthy Korean elderly. Despite favorable effect of spirulina supplementation, some sub-populations have shown a poor response to supplementation. Obesity is a factor related to poor-response. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the immuno-modulation, antioxidant capacity, and lipid-lowering effect of spirulina in obese and non-obese Korean elderly. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The subjects were 78 elderly aged 60-87 years. In a randomized double blind, placebo-controlled study, subjects were fed either placebo or spirulina daily, at 8 g for 12 weeks. Subjects were divided into the non-obese group and the obese group based on body mass index (BMI) criteria for Asians suggested by the International Obesity Task Force: BMI < 25 kg/m² (non-obese) and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² (obese). RESULTS: In the non-obese group, spirulina supplementation showed a significant lowering effect on plasma concentration of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol, a significant increase in interleukin (IL)-2 concentration (P < 0.01) and a significant increment (P < 0.05) in IL-2/IL-6 ratio, and a significant increase in total antioxidant status level and a significant decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level. However, these effects were not observed in the obese group. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that blood lipid lowering and immune and antioxidant improving response for spirulina supplement was affected by obesity in Korean elderly.

Avaliação da atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana do extrato etanólico bruto e frações orgânicas obtidas a partir da casca do caule da espécie Guettarda uruguensis Cham, & Scthdl, (Rubiaceae) / Assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the crude ethanolic extract and organic fractions obtained from the stem bark of the specie Guettarda uruguensis Cham. & Scthdl. (Rubiaceae)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial antioxidante e antimicrobiano do extrato bruto e frações obtidas das cascas do caule da espécie Guettarda uruguensis, Os ensaios antioxidantes indicaram alto potencial antioxidante, No ensaio de redução de fosfomolibdênio, a fração acetato de etila apresentou atividade antioxidante de 41,67% em relação ao padrão de ácido ascórbico e superou em 35,21% a atividade do padrão rutina, No ensaio de redução do DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), a fração acetato de etila apresentou um IC50 de 10,91 µg mL-1, valor próximo ao do ácido ascórbico (IC50 = 4,78 µg mL-1) e da rutina (IC50 = 6,62 µg mL-1), Pelo ensaio de TBA (acido tiobabitúrico) o extrato bruto (IA = 71,48%) e a fração hexano (IA = 47,85%) apresentaram índices superiores ao controle de BHT (butil hidroxi tolueno) (IA = 42,66), Através do ensaio de microdiluição em placas, foi observado que o extrato bruto e frações apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana, O estudo fitoquímico qualitativo revelou a presença de alcaloides, cumarinas, esteroides e/ou triterpenos, heterosídeos saponínicos, taninos e aminogrupos...

This main purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of the crude extract and fractions obtained from the stem bark of the plant species. The antioxidant assays indicated high antioxidant capacity. In the reduction assay of the phosphomolybdenum, the ethyl acetate fraction showed antioxidant activity of 41.67% compared to standard ascorbic acid and exceeded in 35.21% the activity of the standard rutin. In the reduction assay of the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), the ethyl acetate fraction showed an IC50 of 10.91 µg mL-1, equivalent to the ascorbic acid (IC50 = 4.78 µg mL-1) and rutin (IC50 = 6.62 µg mL-1). By the TBA (thiobarbituric acid) assay the crude extract (IA = 71.48%) and hexane fraction (IA = 47.85%) had an index higher than the control of BHT (butyl hydroxy toluene) (IA = 42.675). Through of assay of microdilution on plates was verified that the crude extract and fractions showed antimicrobial activity. The qualitative phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloids, coumarins, steroids and/or triterpenoids, saponin glycosides, tannins and amino groups...

Evaluation of protective effect of cactus pear seed oil (Opuntia ficus-indica L. MILL.) against alloxan-induced diabetes in mice

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the in vitro antioxidant power of cactus pear seed oil [Opuntia ficus-indica L. MILL. (CPSO)] and its protective effect against chemically induced diabetes mellitus in mice.@*METHODS@#The in vitro antioxidant effect of CPSO was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The preventive effect was conducted on Swiss albino mice treated with CPSO (2 mL/kg, per os), before and after a single intraperitoneal alloxan administration (100 mg/kg). Survival rate, body weight and fasting blood glucose were measured and histopathological analysis of pancreas was performed to evaluate alloxan-induced tissue injuries.@*RESULTS@#CPSO exhibited an antioxidant effect in DPPH scavenging assay. Moreover, the administration of CPSO (2 mL/kg) significantly attenuated alloxan-induced death and hyperglycemia (P < 0.001) in treated mice. Morphometric study of pancreas revealed that CPSO significantly protected islets of langerhans against alloxan induced-tissue alterations.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Based on theses results, CPSO can prevente alloxan-induced-diabetes by quenching free radicals produced by alloxan and inhibiting tissue injuries in pancreatic β-cells.

Evaluation of protective effect of cactus pear seed oil (Opuntia ficus-indica L. MILL.) against alloxan-induced diabetes in mice

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antioxidant power of cactus pear seed oil [. Opuntia ficus-indica L. MILL. (CPSO)] and its protective effect against chemically induced diabetes mellitus in mice. Methods: The in vitro antioxidant effect of CPSO was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The preventive effect was conducted on Swiss albino mice treated with CPSO (2 mL/kg, per os), before and after a single intraperitoneal alloxan administration (100 mg/kg). Survival rate, body weight and fasting blood glucose were measured and histopathological analysis of pancreas was performed to evaluate alloxan-induced tissue injuries. Results: CPSO exhibited an antioxidant effect in DPPH scavenging assay. Moreover, the administration of CPSO (2 mL/kg) significantly attenuated alloxan-induced death and hyperglycemia (P < 0.001) in treated mice. Morphometric study of pancreas revealed that CPSO significantly protected islets of langerhans against alloxan induced-tissue alterations. Conclusions: Based on theses results, CPSO can prevente alloxan-induced-diabetes by quenching free radicals produced by alloxan and inhibiting tissue injuries in pancreatic β-cells.

Lipid Profile, Haemoglobin Level and Antioxidant Effect of Pre-treatment with Methanolic Extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus Schum. & Thonn. Leaf against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Injuries to Liver, Kidney and Heart of Rats.

Aim: To evaluate the protective and ameliorative roles of methanolic extract of Byrsocarpus coccineus, Schum. & Thonn. leaf against acute and chronic carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative stress and Injuries to Liver, Kidney and Heart in Rats. Methods: To study the protective effects of the extract against oxidative stress, the rats were pre-treated with the extract (5mg/kg) for three days before intoxication with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) at 0.6ml/kg as a 33% solution in corn oil, with Vitamin E (50mg/kg) as an antioxidant control. Results: Administration of the extract significantly (P=.05) prevented or reversed the CCl4 -induced elevation in the levels of aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine amino transaminase (ALT), bilirubin, malondialdehyde, urea, creatinine, total cholesterol with boosting of the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, HDL-cholesterol, packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin concentration. Conclusion: These results suggest that in addition to its hypolipidemic effect, methanolic extract of B. coccineus leaf can be used to protect and manage the liver and kidney against oxidative stress related injuries.

Antimicrobial activity against periodontopathogenic bacteria, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects of various extracts from endemic Thermopsis turcica

Objective: To investigate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of Thermopsis turcica Kit Tan, Vural &Kü?ük?dük against periodontopathogenic bacteria, its antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect on various cancer cell lines.Methods: In vitro antimicrobial activities of ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate (EtAc), n-hexane and water extracts of Thermopsis turcica herb against periodontopathogenic bacteria, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 29523 and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 were tested by agar well diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC). Antioxidant properties of the extracts were evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical scavenging activity and β-carotene bleaching methods. Amounts of phenolic contents of the extracts were also analysed by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Additionally, cytotoxic activity of the extracts on androgen-insensitive prostate cancer, androgen-sensitive prostate cancer, chronic myelogenous leukemia and acute promyelocytic leukemia human cancer cell lines were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Human gingival fibroblast cells were used as a control.Results:Our data showed that EtAc extract had the highest antimicrobial effect on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (MIC: 1.562 mg/mL, MBC: 3.124 mg/mL) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (MIC: 0.781 mg/mL, MBC: 1.562 mg/mL). In antioxidant assays, EtAc extract exhibited also the highest radical scavenging activity [IC50=(30.0±0.3) μg/mL] and the highest inhibition [(74.35±0.30)%] against lineloic acide oxidation. The amount of phenolic content of it was also the highest [(162.5±1.2) μg/mg gallic acid]. In cytotoxic assay, only ethanol [IC50=(80.00±1.21) μg/mL] and EtAc extract [IC50=(70.0±0.9) μg/mL] were toxic on acute promyelocytic leukemia cells at 20-100 μg/mL (P<0.05). However, no toxic effect was observed on human gingival fibroblast cells.Conclusions:According to our findings, owing to its antioxidant and cytotoxic potential, EtAc extract might include anticancer agents for acute promyelocytic leukemia.